Skip to content

Utility functions

.ml   Utility functions
  arange             Evenly-spaced values within a range
  combs              n linear combinations of k numbers
  df2tab             kdb+ table from a pandas dataframe
  df2tab_tz          Pandas dataframe to kdb+ conversion handling dates/times/timezones
  eye                Identity matrix
  imax               Index of maximum element of a list
  imin               Index of minimum element of a list
  linspace           List of evenly-spaced values
  shape              Shape of a matrix
  tab2df             Pandas dataframe from a q table
  traintestsplit     Split into training and test sets

KxSystems/ml/util/util.q

The toolkit contains utility functions, used in many applications and not limited to categories such as statistics or preprocessing.

.ml.arange

Evenly-spaced values

Syntax: .ml.arange[x;y;z]

Where x, y, and z are numeric atoms, returns a vector of evenly-spaced values between x (inclusive) and y (non-inclusive) in steps of length z.

q).ml.arange[1;10;1]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
q).ml.arange[6.25;10.5;0.05]
6.25 6.3 6.35 6.4 6.45 6.5 6.55 6.6 6.65 6.7 6.75 6.8 6.85 6.9 6.95 7 7.05 7...

.ml.combs

Unique combinations of vector or matrix

Syntax: .ml.combs[x;y]

Where

  • x is the integer number of values required for combinations
  • y is the degree of the combinations to be produced

returns the unique combinations of values from the data.

q).ml.combs[3;2]
0 1
0 2
1 2
q)show k:5?`1
`p`j`e`o`b
q)k .ml.combs[count k;4]    / display values in combinations
p j e o
p j e b
p j o b
p e o b
j e o b
q)show m:(0 1 2;2 3 4;4 5 6;6 7 8)
0 1 2
2 3 4
4 5 6
6 7 8
q)m .ml.combs[count m;3]
0 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6
0 1 2 2 3 4 6 7 8
0 1 2 4 5 6 6 7 8
2 3 4 4 5 6 6 7 8

.ml.df2tab

Convert pandas dataframe to q table

Syntax: .ml.df2tab[x]

Where x is an embedPy representation of a Pandas dataframe, returns it as a q table.

q)p)import pandas as pd
q)print t:.p.eval"pd.DataFrame({'fcol':[0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5],'jcol':[10,20,30,40,50]})"
   fcol  jcol
0   0.1    10
1   0.2    20
2   0.3    30
3   0.4    40
4   0.5    50
q).ml.df2tab t
fcol jcol
---------
0.1  10
0.2  20
0.3  30
0.4  40
0.5  50
q)print kt:t[`:set_index]`jcol
      fcol
jcol
10     0.1
20     0.2
30     0.3
40     0.4
50     0.5
q).ml.df2tab kt
jcol| fcol
----| ----
10  | 0.1
20  | 0.2
30  | 0.3
40  | 0.4
50  | 0.5

Index columns This function assumes a single unnamed Python index column is to be removed. It returns an unkeyed table. All other variants of Python index columns map to q key columns. For example any instance with two or more indexes will map to two or more Python keys, while any named single-index Python column be associated with a q key in a keyed table.

Note

This function is a wrapper around .ml.df2tab_tz, conversions within this function will default to convert datetime.date and datetime.time types to foreign objects, numpy timezone types are converted to their UTC representation. These conversion choices have been made due to python related computational inefficiencies in converting to native q types and local-time representations respectively.

.ml.df2tab_tz

Convert a pandas dataframe containing datetime timezones and datetime objects (datetime.datetime, datetime.time) to a q table

Syntax: .ml.df2tab_tz[x;y;z]

Where:

  • x is an embedPy representation of a Pandas dataframe
  • y is a boolean indicating if timezone(tz) objects are converted to local time (1b) or UTC (0b)
  • z is a boolean indicating if python datetime.date/datetime.time objects are returned as q (1b) or foreign objects (0b)

Returns a q table

q)p)import pandas as pd
q)p)import datetime
q)p)import numpy as np
q)p)dtdf=pd.DataFrame(
    {'time':[datetime.time(12, 10, 30,500),datetime.time(12, 13, 30,200)],
    'timed':[datetime.timedelta(hours=-5),datetime.timedelta(seconds=1000)],
    'datetime':[np.datetime64('2005-02-25T03:30'),np.datetime64('2015-12-22')]})
q)p)dtdf['dt_with_tz']=dtdf.datetime.dt.tz_localize('CET')

q)print dttab:.p.get[`dtdf]
              time             timed            datetime                dt_with_tz
0  12:10:30.000500 -1 days +19:00:00 2005-02-25 03:30:00 2005-02-25 03:30:00+01:00
1  12:13:30.000200          00:16:40 2015-12-22 00:00:00 2015-12-22 00:00:00+01:00

/ default behavior (tz -> UTC, time -> foreign)
q).ml.df2tab_tz[dttab;0b;0b]
time    timed                 datetime                      dt_with_tz                   
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
foreign -0D05:00:00.000000000 2005.02.25D03:30:00.000000000 2005.02.25D02:30:00.000000000
foreign 0D00:16:40.000000000  2015.12.22D00:00:00.000000000 2015.12.21D23:00:00.000000000

/ default time conversion, local tz conversion
q).ml.df2tab_tz[dttab;1b;0b]
time    timed                 datetime                      dt_with_tz                   
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
foreign -0D05:00:00.000000000 2005.02.25D03:30:00.000000000 2005.02.25D03:30:00.000000000
foreign 0D00:16:40.000000000  2015.12.22D00:00:00.000000000 2015.12.22D00:00:00.000000000

/ default tz conversion and conversion to q time
q).ml.df2tab_tz[dttab;0b;1b]
time                 timed                 datetime                      dt_with_tz                   
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0D12:10:30.000500000 -0D05:00:00.000000000 2005.02.25D03:30:00.000000000 2005.02.25D02:30:00.000000000
0D12:13:30.000200000 0D00:16:40.000000000  2015.12.22D00:00:00.000000000 2015.12.21D23:00:00.000000000

.ml.eye

Where x is an integer atom, returns an identity matrix of height/width x.

q).ml.eye 5
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1

.ml.imax

Index of maximum element of a list

Where x is a numerical list, returns the index of the maximum element of x.

q)show a:8?5.
3.883438 4.96977 2.447749 3.253555 4.246108 4.54695 1.381171 2.273137
q).ml.imax a
1
q)show b:8?100
23 8 12 24 6 36 68 37
q).ml.imax b
6

.ml.imin

Index of maximum element of a list

Where x is a numerical list, returns the index of the maximum element of x.

q)show a:8?10.
0.6916353 8.045142 7.619755 4.599266 0.3341879 6.43216 6.177459 4.751895
q).ml.imin a
4
q)show b:8?50
22 45 3 22 3 5 40 26
q).ml.imin b
2

.ml.linspace

Array of evenly-spaced values

Syntax: .ml.linspace[x;y;z]

Where

  • x and y are numeric atoms
  • z is an int atom

returns a vector of z evenly-spaced values between x (inclusive) and y (inclusive).

q).ml.linspace[10;20;9]
10 11.25 12.5 13.75 15 16.25 17.5 18.75 20
q).ml.linspace[0.5;15.25;12]
0.5 1.840909 3.181818 4.522727 5.863636 7.204545 8.545455 9.886364 11.22727 1..

.ml.shape

Shape of a matrix

Syntax: .ml.shape[x]

Where x is an object, returns its shape as a list of dimensions.

q).ml.shape 10
`long$()
q).ml.shape enlist 10
,1
q).ml.shape til 10
,10
q).ml.shape enlist til 10
1 10
q).ml.shape 2 5#til 10
2 5
q).ml.shape 2 3 4#til 24
2 3 4
q).ml.shape ([]c1:til 10;c2:0)
10 2

Behavior of .ml.shape is undefined for ragged/jagged arrays.

.ml.tab2df

Convert q table to Pandas dataframe

Syntax: .ml.tab2df[x]

Where x is a table, returns a Pandas dataframe.

q)n:5
q)table:([]x:n?10000f;x1:1+til n;x2:reverse til n;x3:n?100f) / q table for input
x        x1 x2 x3
-----------------------
2631.44  1  4  78.71917
1118.109 2  3  80.09356
3250.627 3  2  16.71013

q)show pdf:.ml.tab2df[table] / convert to pandas dataframe and show it is an embedPy object
{[f;x]embedPy[f;x]}[foreign]enlist

q)print pdf / display the Python form of the dataframe
             x  x1  x2         x3
0  2631.439704   1   4  78.719172
1  1118.109056   2   3  80.093563
2  3250.627243   3   2  16.710134

.ml.traintestsplit

Split into training and test sets

Syntax: .ml.traintestsplit[x;y;sz]

Where

  • x is a matrix, table or list
  • y is a boolean vector of the same count as x
  • sz is a numeric atom in the range 0-100

returns a dictionary containing the data matrix x and target y, split into a training and testing set according to the percentage sz of the data to be contained in the test set.

q)mat:(30 20)#1000?10f
q)y:rand each 30#0b
q).ml.traintestsplit[mat;y;0.2] / split the data such that 20% is contained in the test set
xtrain| (2.02852 2.374546 1.083376 2.59378 6.698505 6.675959 4.120228 2.63468..
ytrain| 110010100101111001110000b
xtest | (8.379916 8.986609 7.06074 2.067817 5.468488 4.103195 0.1590803 0.259..
ytest | 000001b

q)t:([]30?1f;30?`1;30?10)
q).ml.traintestsplit[t;y;0.2]
xtrain| +`x`x1`x2!(0.1659182 0.5316555 0.9658597 0.6659117 0.4921318 0.580703..
ytrain| 0.4449418 0.6637015 0.77852 0.8229043 0.5678825 0.9534722 0.2448434 0..
xtest | +`x`x1`x2!(0.6913239 0.3921862 0.2904501 0.6536423 0.6517715 0.961030..
ytest | 0.9861457 0.752895 0.2695986 0.122979 0.4412847 0.4952119

q)lst:asc 30?1f
q).ml.traintestsplit[lst;y;0.2]
xtrain| 0.4251052 0.6419072 0.5701215 0.4231011 0.327041 0.1573152 0.3414573 ..
ytrain| 0.5029018 0.05230331 0.628313 0.5766565 0.6314705 0.3266584 0.9624403..
xtest | 0.3692275 0.4192985 0.1573064 0.9121564 0.28237 0.07992544
ytest | 0.3821462 0.9177309 0.3572827 0.1110881 0.9807582 0.5132051